Essay on The Changing Relationship Between Macbeth and...

The Changing Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Throughout Macbeth there are changes in the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as they both in turn take on the role of the more dominant character. Shakespeare presents the play in such a way that the audience sees how progressively their relationship changes dramatically as a result of how they each handle their emotions following the murder of King Duncan. It is evident at the beginning of the play that Lady Macbeth is the dominant character in the play. She is portrayed as ambitious, manipulative and overpowering by Shakespeare. When Lady Macbeth is first introduced in to the play she is reading a letter from Macbeth,†¦show more content†¦Lady Macbeth prays to the dark powers to unsex me here and come to my womans breasts and take my milk for gall as she wants to replace her maternal femininity with cruelty. This could perhaps show a weaker side to her personality as it indicates she was not born evil and needs guidance from the supernatural in order to gain this extra infusion of darkness. Lady Macbeth uses imperatives in her speech which display determination and urgency. Shakespeare implies that Lady Macbeth has no feelings of guilt or remorse and when she says, That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan, we are aware that this is where she intends the murder to take place. She is willing to sacrifice her femininity and h umanity to give solely sovereign sway and masterdom to Macbeth and herself. When Macbeth enters they greet each other warmly and Lady Macbeth immediately tells her husband of her plan to murder the king. Shakespeare constructs the character of Lady Macbeth to reveal absoluteness and purpose to her personality, to indicate her control of the situation and to show that she now has the upper hand in their relationship. This portrays an unusual relationship at this time when men were seen as far more important than women. Lady Macbeth uses veiled talk in order to persuade Macbeth to go along with her plan and to disguise her cruel intentions. She does not specifically say that she wishesShow MoreRelatedChanging Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth1173 Words   |  5 PagesHow does the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth change throughout the play? In the early stages of the play, the Macbeths seem to be a devoted couple. Their love and concern for each other remains strong and constant throughout the play, but their relationship changes dramatically following the ruthless killing of King Duncan in Act II. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth and his lady are very close, this is supported by how he referred to her in his letter as â€Å"my dearest partner ofRead MoreChanging Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth1157 Words   |  5 PagesHow does the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth change throughout the play? In the early stages of the play, the Macbeths seem to be a devoted couple. Their love and concern for each other remains strong and constant throughout the play, but their relationship changes dramatically following the ruthless killing of King Duncan in Act II. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth and his lady are very close, this is supported by how he referred to her in his letter as â€Å"my dearest partner ofRead MoreThe Changing Relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesThe relationship among Macbeth and Lady Macbeth alters throughout the play Macbeth as they both in turn take on the role of the more dominant character. Their attitude to each other constantly changes throughout the play, although events in the play certainly draw Macbeth and Lady Macbeth apart their love for one another is evident throughout the play. Macbeth shows his love by saying a few compassionate words in his letter to Lady Macbeth about the meeting with the three weird sisters. Lady MacbethRead MoreThe Transformation of the Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth1022 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth, a tragedy play by written William Shakespeare. Throughout the play the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is the engine that drives the tragedy of the play. Macbeth is a play about a Scottish knight named Macbeth who comes back from battle and meets three ‘witches’. They predict that Macbeth shall become king. At first he was skeptical though when it was announced by King Duncan that he will be made Thane of Cawdor, the next in line for king for his bravery on the battlefieldRead MoreRole-Reversal in Macbeth1315 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Macbeth first receives the prophecy predicting he will be king and Banquos heirs will be kings, he is satisfied with the idea of being king. Banquos heirs do not concern him at this point. Once he assassinates Duncan and is crowned king, however, this isnt enough. Now he wants his heirs to be king. He asks himself, why should he have taken all this risk just to put Banquos heirs on the throne? Unsatisfied with just ruling himself, he plots to kill not only Banquo, but Fleance. HisRead MoreEssay about Macbeth623 Words   |  3 Pages M acbeth and Lady Macbeth’s Ambition The driving force to achieve the Macbeths’ goals was ambition. However, because they were solemnly ambitious at the same aptitude, it caused them not to fully achieve their goals, as one was always more or less ambitious than the other. Ambition is a characteristic of human nature, which, if expressed in an evil manner, can corrupt the entire person, leaving them permanently evil. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are great examples of these types of people. In WilliamRead Moreâ€Å"Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be What thou art promised. Yet do I fear thy nature; It is800 Words   |  4 Pages Macbeth’s wife, Lady Macbeth, was a woman who strived for a leading role in the kingdom and true power who would have done anything to get it. Lady Macbeth had the intention to kill King Duncan and take away the throne by convincing Macbeth to commit scandalous and shameful crimes in the kingdom. Lady Macbeth was a manipulative woman whom no one can trust. However, her relationship with her husband was much different and also much stronger than the relationship between Macbeth and the three witchesRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Power in Macbeth1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tragedy of Macbeth, the most prevailing theme is the shift in power in the relationships of the central character. The main character of the play, Macbeth, experiences a shift in control of his relationships as he gains more power. Duncan is the most unlikely character to be killed because of his personality, but because he is the King of Scotland, Macbeth loathes him. In the play there is very interaction between Macbeth and Duncan, showing the little time in which Macbeth gets more powerRead MoreComparing Sheila and Lady Macbeth ´s Relationships with Their Husbands1380 Words   |  6 PagesSheila and lady Macbeth In this essay I will be comparing Sheila and lady Macbeths relationship to their husband, at the start of the play, Sheila and Gerald have known each other for some time, and they are here celebrating their engagement in which Sheila is really happy with, in the middle she starts to gain some power and by the end she is fully in power and tells her family what to do. Gerald comes from a rich, powerful, well-respected family. At the start of Macbeth, lady Macbeth is in controlRead MoreThe Relationship Between Macbeth and the Other Characters1292 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of his personality, but his title as King of Scotland, causes for Macbeth to loathe Duncan. In the play there is very little interaction between Macbeth and Duncan, showing the little time in which Macbeth gets more power. Prior to the witches’ prophecies Macbeth is loyal to Duncan, and would never imagine killing him. After the one of the witches’ prophecies comes to be true, the thought of killing Duncan, Macbeth yield[s] to that suggestion / whose horrid image doth unfix my hair / and

Rhetorical Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln s Speech - 860 Words

On March 4, 1865 Abraham Lincoln addressed the American populous for a second time, in what was known as his second inaugural address, marking his second term in presidency, and his second address attending to a divided and strained nation. As the Civil War marched closer to resolution the American populous wished for someone or something to blame: A target to vent the pains of the nation’s conflict, yet instead of condemnation of either side Lincoln offered the concept of inclusion: neither wished for and was responsible for the war, ergo both were liable for restoring it together, united as one nation instead of two. Throughout the speech Lincoln’s use of rhetorical strategies contribute to form his overall purpose of unification- that everyone is responsible for mending splintered country, and thus they must move on, together. Lincoln begins the second paragraph by stating, â€Å"All dreaded it, all sought to avoid it†¦but one of them would rather make war rat her than let the nation survive and the other would accept war rather than let it perish† By stating that both sides despised and feared the war, yet neither did anything to stop it Lincoln is simultaneously removing blame from both sides and stating both are obligated to help mend the broken nation; He paints the bloodshed as something that was unavoidable to begin with despite both sides best intentions, like when he states â€Å"†¦and the war came.† The aforementioned concept of making the war appear unstoppable despiteShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln s Speech939 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Four score and seven years ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the first six words of the famous speech given by Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863. Considering the brevity and simplicity of the speech, this powerful masterpiece has impacted citizens of the United States for generations. By further analysis, I have found a few tricks that give this piece its’ powerful punch. I propose the wise use of timing, emotion and rhetorical devices used in his speech all contributed to creating this legendary dialogue. First, the speechesRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Gettysburg Address By Abraham Lincoln813 Words   |  4 PagesKatrina Ta Giang 22 December 2017 AP Language and Composition(7) Mrs. Faumuina Speech Analysis Essay: The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln â€Å"The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, is considered the most important engagement of the American Civil War†(History). It was a battle in Gettysburg Pennsylvania, consisting of the Union Army and the Confederate Army. The main purpose behind this battle was due to â€Å"Robert E. Lees plan to invade the North and force an immediateRead MoreEssay on The Kings Dream1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1950’s through 1960’s had many leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcom X and many more. But King was the only one who stood out of the pack. His purpose was to have equality for all races, not just African Americans. King had addressed a speech that he had written and spoke of it at the Lincoln memorial in Washington D.C on August 28, 1963. In King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† he motivated and touched not only African Americans but white folks as well inRead MoreThe Effects Of Imperial ism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1633 Words   |  7 Pagesclaim and experiences are very relatable today because as long as there are fathers and mothers and families, there are going to be those that re-live the past and create memories that last their families a lifetime, or perhaps even longer.    Process Analysis: Joan Didion, On Keeping a Notebook   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the selection On Keeping a Notebook, Joan Didion uses her experiences in day to day life as a writer in order to demonstrate the importance/methods of keeping a daily notebook. Didion appeals to her audienceRead MoreCommunication Is A Vital Weapon Of American Politics1757 Words   |  8 Pages Communication is a vital weapon in American politics. Our leaders have won and lost our favor with organized speech since before the signing of the declaration of independence. With a well written speech, and a practiced delivery, one man can change the views of our entire country. No one has done this more successfully than Ronald Reagan. When Ronald Reagan gave the televised speech A Time for Choosing for the Barry Goldwater Campaign in 1964, he changed the way that American campaign speechesRead MoreThe Inaugural Address Of John F. Kennedy1441 Words   |  6 PagesInaugural Address of John F. Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successful was very important for the countries futureRead MoreHistorical Background And Point Of View1973 Words   |  8 PagesAuthorial/Historical Background and Point-of-View Fittingly born on Abraham Lincoln’s birthday, James L. Swanson has always had a fascination of our 16th president’s life. At only ten years old, Swanson’s grandmother gave him a very peculiar gift for a child: â€Å"a framed engraving of Booth’s Deringer pistol, along with an April 15, 1865 Chicago Tribune clipping.† The newspaper story he received relived the terrible day of Lincoln’s death, but as Swanson read, he realized the ending of the story wasRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagesgave the â€Å"I have a dream† speech and explained how he saw the world through the eyes of an African American in 1963 that still echoes through the modern era. He was trying to persuade us to believe that a change of oppression towards blacks is achievable through nonviolence. A gunshot will challenge the peaceful speech for many followers. (Kagan, 1996)This rhetorical analysis will be coverin g the Kairos of Martin Luther King’s speech. Thesis: Despite Martin Luther King Jr.’s risk to life and arrestsRead MoreThe Inaugural Address Of John F. Kennedy1654 Words   |  7 PagesInaugural Address of John F. Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successful was very important for the countries futureRead MoreStylistic Analysis of Barrack Obama ´S Presidential Victory Speech4019 Words   |  17 PagesConstantine the Philosopher University in Nitra Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies Stylistic Analysis of Barrack Obama ´s Presidential Victory Speech Iveta Vondrà ¡kovà ¡ Nitra 2012 Content Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 1 Basic characteristics .................................................................................................... 4 1.1 References from the

America in the 1950’s Free Essays

McCarthyism, which found its main thrust in the Alien Registration Act of 1940, made difficult for immigrants because of its stringent requirements that they declare their political beliefs. These statements were rigorous disclosures of the status of these immigrants—which included current employment status and previous political affiliations. McCarthyism was also responsible for the purging of the Motion Picture industry in Hollywood of persons suspected of being communist sympathizers or activists. We will write a custom essay sample on America in the 1950’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the government’s efforts to upset the position of the Communists in the United States, it succeeded in terrorizing many innocents. This was occasioned in many courts by the accepting even inconclusive evidence brought against citizens. People loss their jobs and became imprisoned on charges that were non-substantial and that in later years would be deemed unconstitutional or otherwise actionable. Mistrust was bred among immigrant colleagues and members of the motion picture or other industries (Davidson, 2002). Dynamic conservatism is described as a tendency within a population to struggle for the maintenance of the status quo. This status quo maintenance is found desirable for the sake of stability within a state. The phenomenon is considered dynamic, as it is based on an active attempt to fight against forces that seek to overthrow or change the established order. Dynamic conservatism is more than mere resistance to change, as it includes mechanisms that learn from situations and make targeted efforts at strengthening the forces within the organization (or state) that are concerned with preservation of the status quo. With regard to the activities of the 1950’s, dynamic conservatism refers to Eisenhower’s domestic policy that supported and strengthened the New Deal giving it more legitimacy. It involved scaling down of the budget and the removal of federal influence in certain aspects of the country’s running (Davidson, 2002). Politics of consensus represented a form of agreement within the governmental, economic, and societal bodies. It involves a widespread understanding that consultation among these actors will take place regarding issues that are of national importance. It sought to create a harmonization of the ideas and desires of the influential and representative bodies in the country (such as trade unions and political parties). The party in power creates a system by which it seeks out the input and suggestions of all the involved entities. This provokes consideration of all the interests that attach to certain political decisions and seeks to ensure the inclusion of these interests in the final solution. The politics of consensus, as is implied by the term â€Å"consensus† seeks to identify a solution that is created by all and accepted by all involved. Therefore, rather than decisions being representative of the triumph of one party or group over another, it would reflect the cooperation of all groups in the taking of a political or socio-economic decision. Before Dwight Eisenhower came to the presidency, Americans faced uncertainty in an economy that was recovering from the depression of the 1920’s and 1930’s while being in the middle of a war (World War II). Consumer confidence was low, as resources were scarce and tapped. However, recovery came during the Eisenhower administration, when the American society entered an era of consumerism in which the values and actions of the consumer played a dominant role in the country’s economics. The economy was growing vastly, and income levels were increasing. This created not just more money in families, but also more leisure among Americans. Consumer confidence was high, as was confidence in the state of the American economy. This led to increased spending, and the resultant materialism. From the president, Americans no longer required specific action but the assurance that such prosperity would continue, and the moderation that defined Eisenhower’s administration reflected the surface contentment of the American society (Davidson, 2002). While the exact beginning of the Civil Rights Movement is unclear, a major revolutionary marker was the Supreme Court decision that maintaining and mandating separate facilities for different races was inherently unequal. This occurred in the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education case, which overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson case over a half century earlier. This was followed hard upon by the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955, which took place in Alabama. It represented a more concerted effort on the part of black persons to garner the recognition of their rights to use the facilities provided by their country in an equal way. This event, which was triggered by the refusal of Rosa Parks to move to the back of a bus, led to an explosion of civil rights demonstrations in the South and around the country. The United States became interested in helping France to retain hold of its territory in Vietnam. The problem of communism was related to this, as the doctrine of communism containment heralded by Harry Truman targeted the communist stronghold region—South East Asia. This region was made up of many small communist countries, and their size made it more likely that they (rather than larger communist counterparts) should fall. The domino effect was considered by Eisenhower as how such a fall should occur. He proposed to target one country in that area, and expected the subsequent fall of the others. The initial communist party was begun by Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, who sought independence from the Vichy French. Warlike relations only escalated when the Americans entered into the dispute in order to aid the French, and this assistance only increased upon the invasion of the South Korea by North Korea in 1950. McCarthyism enabled distrust among the ranks of many political, social, and economic entities in the United States. This distrust fueled not just underground activity and disgruntled feeling toward the United States government, but fierce sentiment against communism also has been considered as a factor in the assassination of later United States presidents and congressmen. It has therefore caused a lot of citizen distrust of the government. Dynamic conservatism. Dynamic conservatism has impacted such areas as civil rights movement, gay rights and women’s rights, as this tendency defines the actions of such groups that would have preferred that the minorities remain unrepresented and repressed. However, the Civil Rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s has led to an increased level of equality not just for African Americans, but also for other racial minority groups in the United States. It has been the fore-runner of such policies as affirmative action, which grants places within key organizations and key opportunities for minorities. Politics of consensus has been a method through which harmony has been restored somewhat to the political and social climate of the United States. This form of government has sought to create an open forum in which dialogues now take place regarding issues of great importance to many groups within the country. Consumerism allowed for the expansion of the United States economy, as it boosted consumer confidence, which increased spending and stimulated further economic growth. The involvement of the U.S. in Southeast Asia led to further involvement and was in the Korea and subsequently in Vietnam. This has had a negative impact on the image of presidents in the White House and upon the government as a whole, especially during the Vietnam War period. Anti-war sentiment regarding this was has continued very far beyond that period. This Southeast Asian involvement led to presidents’ refusal to run for a second term and indirectly contributed to Nixon’s resignation. Reference Davidson, J. W. (2002). Nation of nations. New York: McGraw-Hill.    How to cite America in the 1950’s, Essay examples

Educational Communications and Technology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Educational Communications and Technology. Answer: Introduction Australia is highly regarded as having one of the most advanced educational systems in the world (Smyth et al, 2014; Spector et al, 2004). The country exports educational services to several countries around the world, including China, Japan, and other countries in the region (Kaur, 2014). He allure of Australian education mainly stems form the system of education, (EABER, 2016), the teaching methods and the versatility of the system in being able to reflect environmental changes, especially in business, in its curriculum. Among the institutions which are highly regarded by students, home and abroad, is the Holmes Institute. The institution is well established, with campuses in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Gold Coast and Cairns. It also has a campus in Hong Kong, in the Peoples Republic of China. Holmes Institute is one of the most reputable institutions of higher learning in Australia. The institute admits students for undergraduate, graduate and high school diploma courses. The institution is populated mainly by Australian students, with a sizeable population of international students. These students have a profound effect on the general makeup of the institution. The undergraduate and graduate levels of education at the school are mostly oriented towards business education, which is in high demand in Australia and the wider region (Tisdell, 2013). Review of Consumer Behaviour literature When evaluating a product during the purchasing process, the potential consumer seeks out information that implies the suitability of the information. To cover this, the organization must offer more information that shows the consumers that this is the best to buy. In the age of internet, this has become simpler for companies to do. A company that is well adapted to using the internet to propagate its ideas will be more successful in communicating to potential customers. This is especially the case when the organization is targeting young consumers (Herve Mullet, 2009). Consumer behaviour is influenced by several factors, including their habits, culture, and what is trending at the moment. While some of the measures still remain the same, there are changing factors in the world. Changing political and socials economic realities for instance mean that a school in Australia is ready to accept students from particular countries, which previously would not have been possible (Rani, 2014). A changing economic and technological atmosphere means that products which organizations offer must be able to be versatile and measure up to expectations. Technology has for instance meant that the methods of learning are more interactive and versatile. Students have access to much more information than would be the case before. Due to this, the organization which is able to adapt most successfully to the environment is also likely to be the most successful at attracting and retaining customers (Cohen, Prayag Moital, 2014). Education is a service. As such, it follows the same laws of service marketing as other things such as tourism. One of the most important aspects in this sector is differentiation, whereby the company or other entity successfully shows the market that it offers a different product, which is superior to others. As a country, Australia has been able to do this (Winstewd Patterson, 1998). For individual institutions such as Holmes however, there is a high degree of competition among other schools which may be well established and possess the same, or superior, resources. He issue then is to develop superior capabilities in select areas, such as business education or other specialisation, and in the process be able to compete with other companies (Eichengreen Gupta, 2013). Up to 25% of all students at Holmes institute are international students. A large number of these come from Asia, mostly China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Japan. Other nationalities are also represented, as people seek to take advantage of Australias reputation as a standard bearer in education. Indeed, education has long been termed as Australias biggest service export, even surpassing tourism. The allure of Australian education is augmented by its alignment with the best western standards, coupled with its proximity to the major sources of these students. Additionally, as a member of the Commonwealth, an organization of former British colonies and dominions, Australia offers improved offers for students originating from commonwealth countries such as India, South Africa and Malaysia(Chowdhury, 2011). At Holmes Institute, the students are of all ages, including minors, for whom special arrangements on welfare are made in conjunction with their guardians. Despite the focus on international students, the vast majority of the student population at Holmes is Australian, accounting for more than 75% of the student population. Holmes institute offers a multi-sectoral education programme, from high school, diploma and higher education facilities. The institutes high school and diploma offering is closely aligned with Australian general standards. However, the higher education is decidedly business oriented, with major courses being in business management and information technology (Kendall, 2007). The students religious and racial background is diverse. However, most of the students are Christian, Muslim, Hindu or irreligious. In terms of race, most were Caucasian, with significant proportions of black African and Asian populations. All in all, the diversity of the institution meant that while Caucasians were more than the others, they were not the dominant group. This increased the diversity of the group. Additionally, the fact that most of the students were millennials, who were known for their levels of tolerance for different people and points of view, was important in making the institute among the most sought after institutions of higher education in Australia and beyond (Kendall, 2007). A majority of the students who have decided to study at Holmes Institute have been attracted by the high quality of education that the institute offers. The sensitivity of the price that has been set by Holmes is also a big influence for the students, who have chosen to come to Holmes instead of more expensive schools offering the same prices. Equally important is the message that the price communicates. It is not the cheapest of the higher education facilities in Australia. Rather, it tries to show that it offers high quality services that justify the prices charged as fees (Wearring et al, 2015). The students in the sample are defined by their diversity. However, they are overwhelmingly young, with more than 90% being under the age of 25, and only 1% being over 30 years of age. They are in the millennial group, which is characterised by competition, confidence and tolerance for diversity. The group is also renowned for its sociability, high level of achievement, and identification as true global citizens. This is well expressed at Holmes, where students are clearly at home away from their countries of origins, and the Australian students do not seem under any pressure from the presence of foreign students (Wearring, 2015). The psychographics of the students can therefore be analysed in terms of their age, background, and particular expectations form their experience at Holmes. While they were enthusiastic about their institution, their background meant that they had different attitudes to their studies. Students form countries economically developed countries were focused on using their newly acquired qualifications to secure better livelihoods in countries of origin. Those who were from poor countries that did not have enough economic activities were keen on staying on in Australia. These were likely to be sensitive about the price too, and the content of the product they were purchasing (Wearring et al, 2015; Kendall, 2007). Normally, the customer decision making process consists of five steps. These are problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post purchase satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Many countries form which the foreign students come from offer education that is substandard, and ill equipped to handle the realities of a global economy. Australian students enrolled at the institute hat they need a qualification which will help them secure jobs, and equip them with the necessary facilities needed to compete in the job market, as well as excelling in entrepreneurship. With this realisation, they can move on to the next step, which entails information search (Milner Rosenstreich, 2013). Information search is conducted online in most cases. The students in the sample obtained most of the information they required about Holmes and other institutions by using the internet, where almost every school has a presence. Besides this, information was gathered by speaking to students who had already been to the schools, as well as education fairs. Having secured the information necessary, the students who evaluated the choices they had. In doing this, the assessed their needs, and the ability of each of the institutions they had picked to meet these needs. This assessment also delved on the reputation and the prices of studying at each of the schools, and what others were saying about the institution (Pellemans, 1971). Having done this, the student would then move on to the selection of the desired institute the purchase. Here, the students would choose the institution they felt would best serve their interests, in terms of obtaining the desired qualification at the right price. Issues of welfare were also considered, including the student experience and the ease of settling down in these institutions. Now that the students had already enrolled at the institution, they were still in the process of purchasing, which would be done in phases. During this process, and at the end of it, they would reflect on whether the experience was worthy it, or what could have been done to make the experience even better. The students generally felt that the institution offered superior services, and that it could be a great avenue for others who wished to make it in the corporate world, or as entrepreneurs. The school has therefore been mostly reviewed as satisfactory, with a minority of students showing dissonanc e (Milner Rosenstreich, 2013). Overall, the reasons for satisfaction after the purchasing process are dependent on the characteristics and needs of the students, as well as the quality of the product that the institute offers. Due some inaccuracies during the earlier steps on the process, such as inaccurate collection of information, or wrong evaluation of the available choices, the satisfaction may be affected. Some students may have needed a specific qualification, due to their belief that this would be easier and more aligned with their skills. If the qualification is later found not to be in line with the expectations, there is likely to be dissatisfaction with the product purchased. Such instances were few, but were nevertheless present. This also points to the need of the organization to carefully orient their students, so that they can know what they are getting into early enough (Pellemans, 1971). Student motivation Motivation can be defined as the psychological force that enables action. The level of student motivation at Holmes Institute is dependent on the psychographics of the students, as well as the quality of services offered at Holmes institute. The services offered at this institute are of high quality, as the sample indicated during the research. However, this therefore greatly motivated the students to join and study at the institution. The services offered at the institution including orientation and other services instituted at the school to make it easier for students to get by are also very important. For instance, students who are well oriented by the institution, and who find supportive programs at the institution are more likely to be motivated, and eventually, to be satisfied with the services offered (Herve Mullet, 2009). Personality and emotions are also important in affecting their purchasing decisions. Some people, based on their personalities, feel that they are better placed studying business in university. They also feel that the Holmes institute offers the m with programs that best play to their strengths, due to the diversity, and the support programs offers. The personality of some students is such that English is their second or third language. They may have difficulty integrating in the school and in Australian society in general. Due to this, they will find it hard to excel and be happy with the product they acquire at Holmes, unless the institute offers them the required support (herve Mullet, 2009). Recommendations As institutions of higher learning seek to cash in on the higher fees paid by international students, there is a need to be more adaptive to what these students need. The majority of international students are from the neighbouring Asian countries. While these students have high purchasing power, they also have difficulty in cultural issues. For instance, the language barrier means that schools have to change the way they change their tuition methods. Additionally, they need to offer more support to their students, so that these students can be more satisfied with the education which is offered. The use of technology in advertising and communicating with potential students is also important. The institutions of higher learning should therefore be ready to invest in this. Additionally, they should be appreciative of the reasons why students come to Australia their curricula must adapt to both local and international business needs, for it to truly help the students. The school needs to further innovate and create a distinct brand for itself. It can incorporate the existing goodwill and reputation concerning Australian education sector, but additionally come up with distinct characteristics which will set it apart even in the country. By doing this, the institution will be better able to compete with other institutions, both in Australia and abroad. References Herve, C., Mullet, E., 2009. Age and Factors influencing consumer behaviour. International Journal of consumer studies, 33(3), pp 302-308. Rani, P., 2014. Factors influencing consumer behaviour. International Journal of Curriculum and Academic Research, 2(9), pp 52-61. Cohen, S., Prayag, G., Moital, M., 2014. Consumer behaviour in tourism: concepts, influences and opportunities. Current issues in tourism,17(10), pp 872-909. Chowdhury, M. 2011. Growth and dynamics of Australia's education exports. Journal of Applied Economics, 44(7), pp 879-888. Kendall, T., 2007. Exporting Australian educational services to China. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 26(1), pp 23-33. Wearring, A. et al., 2015. The international students experience: An exploratory study of students from Vietnam. The International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives, 14(1), pp 71-89. Milner, T. Rosenstreich, D., 2013. A review of consumer decision-making models and development of a new model for financial services. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 18 (2), pp106-120. Pellmans, P., 1971. The consumer decision?making process. European Journal of Marketing, 5 (2),pp 8-21. Winsted, K. Patterson, P., 1998. Internationalization of services: the service exporting decision Management, Journal of Services Marketing,12(4)pp.294-311. Eichengreen, B Gupta, P., 2013. Exports of services: Indian experience in perspective. Indian Growth and Development Review, 6(1), pp.35-60. Spector, M. et al, 2004. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, London: Springer. Smyth, J., Down, B. Mclerney, P., 2014. The Socially Just School: Making Space for Youth to Speak Back, London: Springer Science. Kaur, S., 2014. Comparing Selected Higher Education Systems In Asia, Kuala Lumpur: ITBM. EABER, 2016. Partnership for Change: AustraliaChina Joint Economic Report, Canberra: Australian National University Press. Tisdell, C., 2013. Handbook of Tourism Economics, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co Ltd.

Change Management in Mobinil Essay Example

Change Management in Mobinil Essay The aim of this project is to present and analyze Organization development that take place in Mobinil 3 years ago First, We will start with an introduction about Mobinil on which we will describe Mobinil mission and vision as well as Mobinil’s 5 brand values (seek excellence – friendly – dynamic simple -human)ending by the Mobinil code of conduct. In the second part, will describe why the organization needs change. While in the third part , we will describe the planned model of change starting by entering and contracting with one of the famous consulting group in the work â€Å"capgemini† , then the practitioners start to make the environmental analysis for Mobinil as a company before making a SWOT analysis for the HR department describing the main strength, weakness, opportunities and threats for the HR in Mobinil, then making the diagnosis for the HR department on which we will focus on the coming pages. The consultant then put the proposal for how the HR department should be. we will discuss Mobinil Hr department in terms of: Mobinil HR mission Mobinil HR commitment Mobinil HR strategies Mobinil HR role and objectives Mobinil HR organization chart Mobinil HR activities guidelines And finally ending by evaluating the current change. 2-INTRODUCTION Since its inception in May 1998, Mobinil has strived to maintain its position as the leading Mobile service operator in Egypt. We will write a custom essay sample on Change Management in Mobinil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Change Management in Mobinil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Change Management in Mobinil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Honoring the trust of more than 25 million customers, Mobinil is committed to being the leading Mobile service provider in Egypt, providing the best quality service for our customers, the best working environment for our employees, top value for our shareholders, and proudly contributing to the development of the community. Mobinil shareholders, Orange and Orascom Telecom Holding are international leaders in the realm of telecommunication. Mobinil has benefited from years of experience in an international context to become the largest wireless service provider in the Middle East. Over the past ten years, Mobinil has delivered on its promise to millions of customers, whose confidence in the reliability of our services has reinforced this solid leadership position. This confidence was reaffirmed in a recent nationwide survey by the National Telecommunications Regulatory Authority [NTRA], where Mobinil customers reported over 97% satisfaction rate in the products, services, and customer service levels offered during 2007 Mobinil is committed to provide the best working environment for over 2000 employees. Mobinil offers an open, challenging and dynamic environment with opportunities of growth not to be found by any other employer in the region. When you are reaching for excellence, you have to build a foundation of excellence. Mobinil’s well-trained and highly skilled employees experience the challenge of working in the most dynamic global industry mobile communications. Vision â€Å"To be part of peoples daily lives by providing reliable and simple products and services that help people interact and communicate better† Mission To maintain our position as the leading mobile service provider in Egypt, providing the best quality service to our customers, the best working environment for our employees, top value for our shareholders and proudly contributing to the development of our community â€Å" Mobinil 5 brand values Mobinil is a reflection of our desire to be part of peoples daily lives. The way we do things internally impacts our services and customers. Mobinil val ues do not only reflect Mobinil identity, but also shape our corporate culture. Seek Excellence Our passion to excel makes our customers at the heart of our business, offering them the best services and the best value for money. We work professionally, push for quality, value loyalty and never settle for anything less. We adopt the highest standards of service to each and every customer, internally or externally. We continuously advance our professional knowledge and capabilities to maintain the competence required to provide top-quality results. Friendly We enjoy working and succeeding together by building good working relationships in a friendly and positive work environment. We enjoy serving our customers and we are delighted when we make them happy and satisfied. We treat everyone with the respect and dignity we desire for ourselves. Dynamic We are passionate about our business and we are committed to meeting the changing needs of our customers. We are trend-setters in everything we do and we work passionately to bring the future to the hands of our customers in a fast-moving, high-tech telecommunications market Simple We communicate with clarity and simplicity. We are always straightforward and easy to understand. We satisfy our customers in the most simple and convenient style. We are committed to ensuring utmost efficiency in all our processes, to ensure we work smoothly and effectively. We say simply and clearly what we do and we ensure that we do what we say Human We genuinely believe in our role to help create a brighter reality for our community. We are proud to be a responsible corporate citizen caring for the public good. The aim of our Corporate Social Responsibility programs is to give back to our community, provide a sense of hope, and bring out our humane side We have a responsibility to balance the needs of our stakeholders as well as meeting our social, ethical and environmental obligations. Corporate responsibility is an integral part of our strategic planning and daily activities. Code of conduct The code of conducts outlines the share set of values that should guide each and every Mobinil employees at any level, from the most junior to the most senior, in their day-to-day work and conduct. This set of values should be adopted individually by employees and collectively by teams, departments, and the company as a whole, Mobinil values are based on human values as devotion to service , honesty, trust cooperation, transparency, respect and tolerance . See appendix (1) for more Details 3- WHY THE COMPANY NEEDED CHANGE In the latest quarter reviews, top management realized that revenues are decreasing and that they are rapidly losing market share to the competition. Competition was found to be greater innovators and having a faster new product to market cycle. In addition, NTRA, the governmental authority controlling the telecom market is putting more pressure on the telecom operators. And finally they realized that the demand of the clients is becoming more sophisticated, and traditional ways of doing business will not allow the company to move further with the same previous rates of growth and success. Accordingly Naguib Sawiris decided that serious change is required. In the general meeting he publicly announced that radical and fundamental change needs to take place. He encouraged all management to Participate In the change process, and at the same time delivered a subtle threatening message to those whom will not get on board the wagon. Mobinil contacted everal OD consultants, and after thorough analysis of the proposals received they decided to go ahead with two reputable OD practitioners: 1- CAPGEMINI 2- Blue Sky We will describe the action taken by the first one focusing on the HR department 4-ENTERING AND CONTRACTING Mobinil has set different criteria to choose the company with which they will do this major step, and they have asked for a technical, financ ial bedding to choose upon the main provider or external OD practitioner. The main intervention was meant in the HR management including a Techno structural Interventions After many meetings, presentation and discussions Capgemini was chosen by Mobinil , they sat with the Mobinil top management to define the main objectives of the change and they agreed that the main objective of the change is turning Mobinil into a competitive advantage in order to compete and generate more revenue to achieve the main vision and mission for the company . They put a time limit of 6 months in order to finish the evaluation of the current status then to discuss it with the top management. Capgemini will get in return about I Million US$ after finishing and implementing the change process. 5-DIAGNOSIS Capgemini started the diagnosis with 2 steps: * First : PESTAL or environment analysis for the forces affecting Mobinil operation * Second: understanding how Mobinil is currently functioning and providing the information necessary to design change interventions focusing on the HR Department A- PESTAL Analysis On the PESTAL analysis, we will describe all environmental forces affecting Mobinil operations as a leading mobile network Competitive Forces : Currently Vodafone and Etisalat represent the major competitors for Mobinil in the mobile operator services. Vodafone is one of the world’s leading Operator Companies, offering an extensive range of service, including voice and data. Established in 2000 in Egypt with a very good network efficiency perception, Vodafone always reacts towards its competitors in terms of offers and services, rarely though does it make its own offers, yet when it does make its own offers they are usually very attractive. Etisalat is the newest operator in the Egyptian market, with a perception of changing the market competition. In addition, it’s the first operator in Egypt providing 3G network with all its application from high data speed and video calling. It seems that no other major competitors will appear in the future; in spite of the existance of telecom Egypt (fixed phone), different internet providers and main mobile retails could be to some extent competitors but each in its own market. * Economic Forces : Egypt is considered one of the developing countries. Egyptian economic indicators are as below -Gross Domestic Product = $142. 8billion GDP per capital = $ 1,870 Real GDP Growth (%) = 3. 2 Share of Private Sector in GDP= 62. 5 billion Unemployment (%) = 10. 6 Inflation rate = 23 % These indicators will drive all mobile operators working in Egypt to offer the lowest price in order to match with the bad economic conditions as most of Egyptian population are pessimistic although mobiles represents one of the luxury and Self-actualization needs. Most of the Egyptian population has a week buying power meanwhile; they have a high spending pattern for mobiles * political forces From 1981, there wasn’t any change in the political environment except some fluctuations between the opposition parties, but with no obvious effect on the political life in Egypt Egypt is currently overhauling its political and democratic systems with the purpose of deepening democracy, promoting freedoms, upholding law and advocating respect of human rights * legal and regulatory forces Pursuant to Law No. 0/2003, the NTRA (National Telecom Regulatory Authority) is in charge of monitoring and protecting competition policy in the Telecom market. Accordingly the NTRA sets the limits for free competition, which if exceeded will result in the occurrence of monopolistic practices in any of the fields regulated by Law. A general framework for free competition policy is issued by NTRA to determine the policy to be followed to ensure a free competitive a nd liberalized environment. * Technological forces Due to the high technological development, mobile technology has developed during the last decade from 2G to 2. G and currently all operators are using the 3G technology with all its parents 3. 5 and 3. 75. Moreover, all operators are now using different software programs in order to have a CRM System. * Socio-Cultural forces With a population exceeding 80 Millions, living on 1 Million square kilometers; Egyptian population is distributed between 43% urban and 57% rural. Egyptian population is divided into different segments in terms of demographical aspects. Demographic indicators show that 58% of the population is under 25, allowing for a better opportunity for consumption. On the other hand, indictors show that adult literacy rate is 57%. Over the years, studies have proven that the Egyptian society is a consumption-driven more than being a production-driven society. For millennia, Egypt maintained a strikingly complex and stable culture. B-Understanding the HR Department CAPgemini made a one to one interview with every staff member, supervisor, manager, and even department head in order to know the daily operations, current process, and provide suggestions for change . After gathering data for over 3 months, they found the below points:- * Lack of alignment within the different departments, and lack of buy-in of the department heads and accordingly with the associates for the overall vision of the company * Telecom industry is a very dynamic field that needs a fast track HR management to bring onboard the best in class employees to enable the growth of the company. This vision was not there in Mobinil as the HR lacked focus, and activities ended up being handled by one person. Lack of clear HR objectives that meet the employee’s expectations; hence employee satisfaction was low, causing a high turnover rate. * Recruitment was influenced by personal relations, creating frustration and lack of trust among employees. These personal relations also spilled over into the evaluation and compensation systems. * From the above, the promotion and bonus criteria and metrics were not clearly stated nor communicated to employees, creating high frustratio n and low morale. * Lack of planning and job forecasting for the full time employees needed on the short and long term basis. No benchmark for the salaries and compensations between Mobinil and the market, creating a large gap between the pay in Mobinil and its competitors. * All training taking place in Mobinil was ad-hoc, with no clear planning or career path development goals. 6- PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING CHANGE after finishing the diagnosis, Capgemini suggested that the HR department must have a clear mission and objectives. On the next few papers, we will elaborate all the suggestion about HR department in Mobinil done by capgemini HR Mission To foster a challenging, productive, fair, firm and ethical work environment, in which all employee thrive, by offering the best human resources service possible â€Å" HR Commitment to Mobinil employees Mobinil believes that their employees are the most valued asset. Mobinil ability to succeed depends on the integrity, knowledge, skills, diversity, and teamwork of their employees. They are shaping a challenging, fair, firm, and productive work environment, which emphasizes mutual respect and teamwork. They strive to reward high performance and we promise to be responsive to the needs of their employees. The company is committed to providing equitable compensation, excellent working conditions, and a fair atmosphere with great opportunities for professional growth. Equal employment opportunity Mobinil is an equal opportunity employer and we pride ourselves with the Equal Employment Opportunity policy (EEO). All employment applications are considered without regard to age, gender, religion, disability, or marital status. Tolerance and Diversity Mobinil respect others; tolerate differences; and believe in the power of diversity. They strive to create a culture where tolerance and respect exist between employees. The diversity of people brings strength to Mobinil team. Regardless of their differences in backgrounds, roles, age, gender, religion, or physical ability, they all bring value to the company through our work. They shall tolerate and respect our diversity and differences and treat each other fairly. Respect for people They should respect each and every person we interact with during our business dealings including customers, employees, suppliers, and all parties that have a business relationship with the company. They should consistently treat others with the respect and dignity which we desire for ourselves. The company operates a defined contribution pension plan for its employees, in addition to the statutory insurance scheme required by law. Employees who choose to subscribe to this plan pay 3% of their basis salary into the plan. The company will contributes an amount equal to 10 % of the employee’s basic salary to the plan The company has no liabilities or commitment to the plan beyond its defined contribution . employee who leaves through resignation or retirement receive their entitlements for the pension plan according to its terms based on year of services 4- Performance evaluation management: In order to Maintain and enhance growth and development of Mobinil employees. The performance of every employee is measured through setting performance objectives â€Å"What Formsâ€Å" and development of competencies â€Å"how Forms â€Å" What Form: responsible for measuring individual objectives as well as department objectives and its impact on the yearly profit share. KPI’s are set by the head of each department to be approved by HR How Form: responsible for measuring the individual development and its impact on the annual increase of the basic salary. KPI’s are set by HR department 7-EVALUATION AND INSTITULIZATION OF MOBINIL HR DEPARTMENT The evaluation was done in 2 steps: First: Evaluation analysis done by capgemini after the intervention Second: employees online survey to asses the new change of HR First: Evaluation analysis * Strength a well known mission and strategy for the HR department * appropriate management style giving employees a chance to express their point of view * appropriate organizational structure that facilitates k nowledge * a powerful training program * good motivation tools * weakness * late promotion due to setting a maximum of 8% annually of Mobinil staff to be promoted * no formal declaration for the dividends distribution * doesn’t put into its plan the development of second line responsible * no replacements for the people who resign * Depending on a lot of contactors especially in sales and customer services. * the severe intervention in every single detail, even in the operations * opportunities * very good opportunities for growth * very good reputation in the market, which facilitate the recruitment for caliber and a lot of fresh graduates * threats the appearance of Etisalat with its strategies for hunting the calibers in Mobinil * the existing of a lot of old staff whom transfered from Egypt telecom with minor management skills * incapable to compete with the new packages in the telecommunication market * Weak retention plan for resigned staff. * the composition of the compensation committee with 2 members only without putting any solution in case of conflict Second: Employees survey After the announcement of the new change and the importance of it in order to increase Mobinil performance and efficiency; a survey was uploaded on Mobinil intranet to ask people about their perception of the change . The results were unexpected as it showed the following: the new change increased the staff moral as they feel that the company can compete in the new market which affected their productivity and loyalty * they showed understanding for the need of change and gave full support, and they felt that this change was made not only for the shareholder but for the sake of all Mobinil members and stake holders * the change increased the companies transparency in terms of hiring, promotion, compensation package and profit share distribution * the change lead to increase in market share becoming the lea ding company in Egypt and helped increase the staff moral which was reflected in their productivity and efficiency. the survey showed that the new job descriptions helped to minimize the time for searching who is responsible for what as it contained clear responsibilities and authorities for every one working in the HR department * creating the new mission and commitment for HR department helped to achieve the companies over all mission and vision * A new culture has been created among all departments that the HR department has changed for their benefit not against them, as the previous culture before the change, and it increased inter and intra departmental communication 8-Conclusion After all of the above mentioned steps and details of the project that has been implemented, it was very clear that the change was really needed and felt in the organization. Despite the fact that many of the old stuff were very much resisting to the change especially that those people was with the owner hand in hand to build this giant organization, yet the top management was clear enough from the beginning and cascade the message clear that this change should happen and everyone should adhere to the recommendation done by the consultancy. As Mobinil noticed the importance of such a step, they were very cautious in choosing the OD practitioners , they set a clear criteria to chose among them. And they have set a good budget to be invested in such a step. Later on a clear contract and agreement with the OD practitioner was made that serves to make sure that both parties was clear in terms of expectations, resources, time and outcome of the project. That was a core stone to smooth on the whole process later on. The diagnostic phase which was a critical one took 30% of the time where the OD practitioner has meet with almost all the HR staff and the top management to make sure that they have got all the need information, unbiased and direct to serve the purpose of the project. Along with the analysis of the data collected was taken care by the company and they have came to the recommendation to the top management. Here the role of the communication was clear to cascade it to the key stakeholders, they buy in was critical and in manay cases they threaten them. The intervention was partially general standard models and part was tailored for Mobinil and it was focusing on the HR management and the technostrutural interventions. After the implementation majority of the stakeholders and people affected by the project, which happen to be almost all the employees has really touched the importance of taking such an important step and it is really affecting positively their lives and their day to day life. Now we can say that they major initiative has helped Mobinil to maintain its leadership position in the market, it has decreased the turnover of the employees from more than 27% to now less than 10% after the implementation by 8 months. Now the HR is one of the successful departments in the organization and it is well known in the market to be one of the very effective departments in the whole market. That is really the role of the big giant company to educate the market and here is Mobinil playing this role and taking advantage of being the first mover. End of document

Les Sens †Senses in French

Les Sens - Senses in French Whenever youre learning a new language, learning the words relating to sight, smell, touch, hearing, and taste are some of the first words youll want to know to be able to make conversation. The Five Senses - Les Cinq Sens Sight - la vue, la vision To look (at) - regarder To see - voir Visual (adj) - visuel Eye - un Å“il, eyes - les yeux    Hearing - louà ¯e (fem) To listen (to) - à ©couter To hear - entendre Aural (adj) - oral Ear - une oreille    Taste - le goà »t To taste (actively) - goà »ter To taste (passively) - sentir (le goà »t de) Gustatory (adj) - gustatif Tongue - la langue    Smell - lodorat (masc) To smell (actively: to sniff) - renifler To smell (passively) - sentir Olfactory (adj) - olfactif Nose - le nez    Touch - le toucher To touch - toucher To feel - sentir Tactile (adj) - tactile Hand - la main, skin - la peau The Sixth Sense - Le Sixià ¨me Sens ESP/extrasensory perception - la perception extrasensorielle Clairvoyance - la voyance, le don de double vue Psychic (adj) - tà ©là ©pathe Psychic (noun) - un mà ©dium, un(e) tà ©là ©pathe

Inventory management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inventory management - Literature review Example In scientific meaning, the inventory management finds the way of maintaining the stock to meet the demands for production in order to provide the right product at the right time at the competitive prices with right quantities. Objectives of inventory management include as the best services for customers, minimizing the cost of the inventory, optimized use of the machine and men, and achieving the best production targets. According to Waters (2003) inventory management works for three main objectives as it manages the flow of material or products through the entire chain of supply. Inventory management helps the logistic in order to achieve the aims of the organization. Inventory managers support the managers to be sure about availability of the needed goods. The main aim of inventory management is the arrangement of all material of library in a proper manner. The books must arrange in accurate order. The librarian periodically checks for missing books (Xavier University Library 2013). Inventory management like many other activities of the company contributes the welfare for the company. Logistic operations of the company contribute to profit in marketing services and financial requirements of the company. Inventory management meets the demands of the customers at the minimum cost. Inventory management optimizes the support in the three main areas as inventory cost, customer services and operating costs (Wild 2002). The book by O’Neil (1998) is based on the management of library and archival security. The author focused on the management of the library as well as the security. Libraries are the treasures of knowledge and information, so security is very important. The libraries of universities are mostly having donors. If there is a lack in management of the library, it will give a bad impact of university in front of donors. The proper inventory management system is required to follow for the maintenance of library. The investment

Budjeting monitoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Budjeting monitoring - Essay Example Goals and objective are imperative aspects in budget planning (Wildavsky, 1986). These assists the planners to know how much will be spend in completing the project and how much will be needed to meet these expenditures (Rhodes, 2010). Failure to identify the objectives can result to misallocation of funds. On the other hand, when a budget is set up founded on a preceding year’s numeral, it will result to misallocation of the funds (Shultz & Open Society Institute, 2005). Using a previous year’s figure will lead to allocation of an inappropriate figure that may result to over allocation or under allocation (Maddox, 1999). While budgeting for a project or program, it is essential to budget for savings too. Some funds need to be set aside to meet unanticipated expenditures. Since the Make a Way Foundation project costs more than what was budgeted, a rationing policy would have to be adopted to ensure that all expenditures fall into the available funds (Shultz & Open Society Institute, 2005). All the miscellaneous activities would be rationed to increase the available funds to fund to project. Secondly, the budget planners will need to prioritize the requests and activities of the project (Wildavsky, 1986). The less significant activities of the project can be eliminated thus reducing the project expenditure. Finally, since the planners had not considered the savings, they will have to seek for an external source of funds to finance the project till its completion (Rhodes,

Switch boards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Switch boards - Essay Example Just from the beginning of switching systems, a large number of the transformations have been done in the switching technologies. In this regard this paper is going to analyze and evaluate the old strowger switches and mechanical cross-bar switches based on circuit switching technologies with some modern network switches. In this report I would like to provide a technological overview of these technologies and a brief comparison of these technology systems. The basic use of the telecommunication networks is to carry data and information signals among different entities which are located geographically. In this situation we can say that an entity can be a resource like a human being, a computer, a Tele-printer, a duplicate machine, a communication data workstation and so on. These communication entities are linked with the overall working and process of the transferring information which can be in the form of a file transfer between two systems, or telephone chat (a call) or message transmission between two workstations etc. In this present age of technology, the communication is perceived as a symbol of the new age of technology. In this scenario the introduction of this communication technology has started from the development of the telephone systems (Farahmand & Zhang, 2007). However, due to considerable increase in the number of users and less number line availability, a need was experienced to develop some switching system which c an be used for the switching purposes among line to facilitate large number of individuals with small number of available communication lines. Today the technology has gained an extensive limit of advancements but some of the communication restrictions still exist. One of the key issues in these limitations is the highest availability of the communication line. In an attempt to tackle this problem, the technique of the switching was formulated,

The Role Of Flexibility In The Work Place Management Essay

The Role Of Flexibility In The Work Place Management Essay Flexibility is a way to help people define how and when work is done, flexibility helps employers and employees work effectively to enable the organisation achieve its objectives. (Simonetta Manfredi, Director, Centre for Diversity Policy Research, Oxford Brookes University.) Flexibility is all about creating a situation where both the employer and employee benefit from the schedule of work, creating a balance between individual needs and delivering of service. (Helen Gibbs, Senior Personnel Adviser, London Borough of Sutton) Flexible working relates to working time, pattern of work and location of work (ACAS PAGE 6). Many employers in united kingdom have introduced a range of flexible working options for their employees. In (2004) the workplace employement relations survey (WERS) discovered that a good number of employees ( over 70 percent) gave some kind of flexible working option to employees and these has increased from the results of the survey carried out by workplace employme nt relations survey in 1998 ( Kersley et al, 2005). These increase in flexible working option by employers was propelled as a result of growing need for work life balance ( Bailyn et al, 2001). In the United Kingdom, legistlative support for parents who have young children that are disabled these would enable them to adapt a more flexible working practise because they offer employees the opportunity to choose where and where they want to work Vlasios Sarantinos (2007). For flexible working practise to work effectively there must be a transparent and accessible process that will be used to manage flexible request made by employees, this enables employees feel that the organisation is treating them fairly and their request for a different type of working arrangement is being looked into. In these essay i am going to be critically reviewing the role that flexibility can play in the work place. Building the culture Theres a clear set of shared values, including the service user comes first, and people mean business. Service users come to the office regularly so that backroom employees can meet them and have a sense of what the service is about. These values underpin the companys approach to flexible working. Employees feel they belong to something and are pushed to achieve their full potential. Management is hands on: managers will not hand work out to their staff unless they are able to do the work themselves. All managers have to do a care shift once a month so they dont lose touch with the needs of service users and employees. Internal communication is reinforced by open days, where the chief executive meets staff informally. Thirty per cent of managers diary time is non-prescribed, so as to leave time for informal contact with their staff. Peoples opinions are listened to. The number of managers has been halved from 24 to 12 and the company aims to recruit its managers from within. Finance Manager Steve Tuck believes that employees are motivated by seeing the improvement in the quality of life of service users. Its not unknown for people to take clients home for a meal. Put in ur own words. There are various forms of flexibility which organisations used to engage employees in an organisation Functional flexibility: These type of flexibility allows employees to make use of their competencies and skills to enable them move freely across the different channels of production. This type of flexibility is likely to be desired when the employee no longer has stable relationship with the organisation and it relies on training across the channels of production. Numerical flexibility: These flexibility depends on the ability of the organisation to increase or decrease its labour number as it chooses by hiring some temporary workers and employing people who will be given fixed contracts. Temporal flexibility: This type of flexibility involves adjustement of working hours to meet demands of production, part time working could be engaged in to handle intense peaks when needed. Financial flexibility: In financial flexibility labour cost is reduced with efforts put in by the organisation to secure profit making. Vlasios Sarantinos (2007) Below are examples of flexible working practise which employees make use of in an organisation: Part-time working: Its a form of work where employees are under a contract to work for less than the full time hours Term-time working: . in this working arrangement a staff remains on his or her permanent contract but can take paid/unpaid leave during school holidays. Job-sharing: This is a type of working arrangement where a job task is shared between two or more employees. Flexitime: in this working arrangements staffs are allowed to choose within a given time frame when they want to begin and end their work. Compressed hours: Compressed hours involve re allocating or reducing the set working hours into fewer and longer blocks during the week. Annual hours: The set time within which full-time staffs must work is defined over a whole year. Working from home on a regular basis: in this working arrangement the employees have a choice to work from home and report outcomes to their supervisor. Mobile working/teleworking: This allows staffs to work all or part of their working week at a location remote from the employers workplace. Career breaks: This are period in which the employee is allowed to go on break, it may be a career break or sabbatical. Chattered institute of personnel and development (2005) Flexibility is seen to be important in workplace to both employers and employees because it gives them an opportunity to organise the way they work in a way that will be comfortable with their personal lives. For employers flexible working can help retain staff who have the required and skill required by the employer, it also widens the talent pool in the job market enabling them to recruits potential workers with more skill and still retain the staffs that are loyal and committed which can lead to an increase in productivity and profitability(Confederation of British Industry 2009). Employers have realised that in order to provide quality services when needed by customers a flexible working system that involves the two parties is needed which makes the workforce flexible enough to adapt to changing business conditions. Recession has had an effect on organisation layout and operations causing a lot of people to loose their job and holding unto whatever they can lay their hands on. Th e effect recession has on flexible working can be viewed as both negative and positive. Negative, because it has led to an increase in the number of people working part time that would love to take up a full time job and positive from the employers perspective because employers respond to more flexibility which indicates that that there is a tendency for organisations to embrace flexible working to have as a new way of working in the organisation. We need increased flexibility in the work place if the economy is to return back to stable and sustained growth, and in order to do this we need to develop all resources available especially man power to help increase productivity and give the economy a competitive advantage. Employers may find it expensive introducing flexible working because of the cost it might incur, the business premises may have to be open for a longer period of time thereby increasing cost of heating and lightning(Confederation of British Industry 2009) . Flexible w orking also plays an important role to employees because it enables them to balance their job at work alongside their responsibilities at home because in the society today both men and women want flexible jobs which involves minimal travel to enable them share the responsibilities of raising a family. Flexible working improves the moral of employees and gives some a feeling of worth, it also reduces absence and lateness to work(The Women and Work Commission 2006) Flexible working has been seen to affect business by playing an important role to make sure that shifts are fully covered and services are maintained flexible working is needed in organisations ( British chambers of commerce, 2007). A flexible human capital practise makes organisations more stable, skilled and enthusiastic free from distractions, flexible working practisces helps organisations to attract talents, with the difference in generation of workers with varying lifestyle and working conditions, companies have to re organise their recruitment efforts, benefits plan, productivity incentives, work processes and work schedules in order to recruit qualified hands. Technological advancement also require that we think of how we can connect with people more effectively, organise teams and measure employees work performance when they work from home. Focused and talented employees who are on flexible schedules are likely to give out their best and be more committed to the goals and ob jectives of the organisation and deliver great value to customers who when satisfied continue to patronize the organisation thereby improving sales and boosting the companys image. flexibility also helps reduce cost associated with health care, overhead, labor, turn over and legal fees. Cost involved with labor can be reduced and profitability can be increased by using a flexible human capital practise in which you boost the output of one employee and efficiency among groups across the organisation and reduce waste as a result of poor concentration, loss of work time and mistakes.it reduces labor cost for the same output thereby increasing profitability. Flexibility also reduces health care cost because staffs have sufficient resources to meet the demands when they have control of planning their time, these flexible working practise reduces stress and depression faced by most employees which directly reduces health cost of the company. BOOK IMPACT OF FLEXIBILITY ON ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE. To raise morale and job satisfaction: flexible working increases the morale of employers to perform at their utmost best because they feel they are treated as adults who have control of their life and their time and they tend to perform at their utmost best when they are at work. To improve productivity/Quality : the need for producing a good quality product must be of paramount importance because there are cost associated with poor quality which dents the image of the organisation and makes customers unsatisfied, flexible working arrangement ensures fresh and capable hands at the production line at all times. When an employer is worn out down and his her shift is over another employee takes and continues the process of production.It also inspires and increases commitment an loyalty from staffs( Alison and Lou, 2001) Opposing flexibility Traditionally, flexibility has been seen as a characteristic of poor quality jobs (see for example De Witte, 1999; Nolan et al, 2000; Purcell et al, 1999), where employers have sought to achieve organisational flexibility by means of using non-standard working practices, such as part-time work and temporary employment. Reduced absence and employee turnover: Flexible working enables employees to take care of their personal obligations leading to a decrease in frequent absenteeism because they have more options to which their time can be managed and it helps skilled workers remain in the organisation because staffs are more likely to stay in the organisation. (British chambers of commerce, 2007). Reduced training costs : by introducing flexible working organisations retain trained employees there by saving up expenses that would have been used in training new staffs if the trained staffs were to exit. Promoting customer satisfaction: Customer satisfaction can be improved where, customer service hours can be extended or shifted to periods when it is most required, and Workers with different skills can be attracted and retained because of the flexible work system in the organisation to help respond to diverse customer requirements. ( Success with flexible working practices, 1997). Book success with flexible work practise. Flexibility has been seen traditionally to characterise poor quality jobs De witte, 1999, Nolan et al, 2000; Purcell et al, 1999) because employers try to achieve flexible working environment in the organisation by using working practices that are not up to standard, It might have been predicted generally that access to flexible working arrangement would impact job satisfaction positively, it has also been discovered that a higher sense of responsibility and work completion affects job satisfaction positively ( Hyman and Summers, 2004; Igbaria and Guiraraes, 1999), However findings on the effect of remote working on job satisfaction varied, In some studies lack of social interaction has lead to a negative impact on job satisfaction due to feelings of isolation ( igbaria and Guimaraes, 1999), while some people tend to have a higher job satisfaction ( Baruch,2000). Igbaria meant that employees working in remote locations may perform low because they are not satisfied with their job and this may be due the fact that they have no one to interact with however Baruch said that some employees may actually enjoy working in remote locations and it tends to enchance their job performance. Flexible working offers employees choices to help them achieve a work life balance that is satisfactory. Stress which is one of the problems employees face has been linked to flexible working but flexible working does not seem to have an effect on reducing stress levels. Stress and anxiety may also be created by flexible working because an employee that works for a smaller amount of time or hours reduces but still has the same level of workload as someone working full time this tends to put pressure on the employee which might stress him or her out trying to cope with the work load (Dr Claire and Deirdre, 2008) It has been suggested by some researchers that people who spend more time working remotely tend to have lower job stress ( Raghuram and Wiesenfeld, 2004) however (Mann and Holdsworth, 2003) said that people working remotely show more signs of mental ill health than those working in organisational premises. Some evidence was found by Tietze and musson (2005) of some worker who work remotely experiencing stress, they tend to experience stress which was linked with the self organisation required of their work, because it created new demands on them. An analysis linked to stress pointed the fact that flexible working time or flex time affected absenteeism positively, while compressed working practise had no effect Baltes et al, (1999).Baltes was saying that when workers were allowed to work with flexitime that means choosing when to resume and close work within a set time frame that it enabled them to always show up for work because they could adjust their schedule to meet up with the ti me they choose and that compressed working did not affect absenteeism positively or negatively. Remote workers were worried about the lack of opportunities to develop themselves which the employer denied them having including mentoring from senior colleagues and informal learning Cooper and Kurland (2002). Cooper discovered that concerns began to grow among workers working remotely that their absence was not felt by the organisation and they were neglected with no further course or training to further develop their skills, and because of these flexible workers tend to have lower long term career potential Frank and Lowe (2003).Although Mc Closkey and igbaria (2003) brought a contrasting a view saying dat flexible working had no direct or indirect effect on career prospects of employees. Cohen and Single (2001) found that professional staffs who worked reduced working hours were less able to spend time developing their skill which is one of the business factors important for a succes full career(Dr Claire and Deirdre, 2008). Meaning that the less time professional workers spend in their workplace the less opportunity they get to learn new things. Business impact of flexible working The companys policies towards flexible working are reflected in its business outcomes. Since 1997, employment at the company has gone up from 60 to 280 staff and turnover has increased from  £1 million to  £9.5 million. Sickness absence has been reduced to 0.6 days a year, well below that for the care sector as a whole, which produces significant financial savings. The company also sees direct benefits in terms of staff recruitment and retention. Sandwell CCT came second in the Sunday Times 100 best companies to work for list in 2007, and first nationally in the work-life balance category. It also came first in the categories of managers who listen, managers motivating staff to give their best and training making a difference. It believes that this success has boosted the companys image as an employer. Employee turnover at Sandwell CCT is now 4%, compared with 20% or more across the care sector generally. Because staff enjoy their jobs, there is a high level of employee engagemen t and this is reflected in the quality of service and value for money. PUT IN UR OWN WORDS.

Management of Change Essay -- essays research papers

Management of Change Journal Personal/Interpersonal Change Entry 1: On Thursday night February 10th, I left work at 8:30 p.m. Earlier that day my boyfriend asked if I had plans to go out that night. At the time I felt tired and I said no. Once I got home my friends called and asked if I would go to Riley’s with them and of course I did. I am the type of person that doesn’t go out very often, because I stay so busy with school and by the end of the day I’m usually too tired. I was out having a good time with the girls, when he called and asked where I was. I told him I was at Riley’s with some friends; I could tell by the sound of his voice he wasn’t happy with the situation. His behavior became aggressive, and because I had been drinking I became defensive. Some of the friends I went out with that night he seems not to get along with and feels that they have a negative influence on me. The conversation ended with him hanging up on me. We both engaged in aggressive behavior, because we were yelling at each other and said some things that normally would not have been said if we would have dealt with the situation differently. I lost focus of the problem because of anger and neither of us got our point across. I should have called and let him know ahead of time that I was going out with my friends and none of this would have happened. From this situation I have learned to be more considerate towards him with my actions and communicate without saying things out of anger that occur from the situation. The Material we covered in class relating to aggressive behavior is that we both expressed our feelings in a negative inappropriate fashion. We both also lost the message during expression because we both became angry and the point wasn’t conveyed properly. He also wasn’t positively influencing my behavior, because I just became angry and defensive with him. He became aggressive when I told him where I was at, and I didn’t call before I had went out to Riley’s. I became aggressive when he crossed on my side of the invisible net, and said the friends I was with was a negative influence. I learned that I need to be more responsible with my actions, like calling before I decide to go out and make plans ahead of time. Also instead of raising my tone of voice I should speak more calmly and remain more assertive. Entry 2: Friday afternoon February 11th I was t... ...y problems. So once my sister returned I said thanks for the offer for dinner but I’m going to go ahead and leave. I kissed her and the baby and told them I loved them and I left. I feel that I dealt with the situation correctly because he is the type of person that no one can get along with. This engagement relates to material covered in class because aggressive behavior is behavior expressing personal feelings in an inappropriate way where another person feels violated. He did not convey his feelings to me because he did it in a way that I wasn’t willing to listen to him and his opinion didn’t make any sense at all. I became aggressive when he told me how and what I should do to make my situation better when the advice he was telling me didn’t sound very appealing and I didn’t agree with it. He became aggressive when he realized that I wasn’t listening to any of the information he was telling me. From this situation I have learned that everyone has a different opinion and each person has a different way of expressing their opinion. Its how their opinion is interpreted by the receiver. I feel that I might need to be more open but I don’t agree with certain things he had to say. Management of Change Essay -- essays research papers Management of Change Journal Personal/Interpersonal Change Entry 1: On Thursday night February 10th, I left work at 8:30 p.m. Earlier that day my boyfriend asked if I had plans to go out that night. At the time I felt tired and I said no. Once I got home my friends called and asked if I would go to Riley’s with them and of course I did. I am the type of person that doesn’t go out very often, because I stay so busy with school and by the end of the day I’m usually too tired. I was out having a good time with the girls, when he called and asked where I was. I told him I was at Riley’s with some friends; I could tell by the sound of his voice he wasn’t happy with the situation. His behavior became aggressive, and because I had been drinking I became defensive. Some of the friends I went out with that night he seems not to get along with and feels that they have a negative influence on me. The conversation ended with him hanging up on me. We both engaged in aggressive behavior, because we were yelling at each other and said some things that normally would not have been said if we would have dealt with the situation differently. I lost focus of the problem because of anger and neither of us got our point across. I should have called and let him know ahead of time that I was going out with my friends and none of this would have happened. From this situation I have learned to be more considerate towards him with my actions and communicate without saying things out of anger that occur from the situation. The Material we covered in class relating to aggressive behavior is that we both expressed our feelings in a negative inappropriate fashion. We both also lost the message during expression because we both became angry and the point wasn’t conveyed properly. He also wasn’t positively influencing my behavior, because I just became angry and defensive with him. He became aggressive when I told him where I was at, and I didn’t call before I had went out to Riley’s. I became aggressive when he crossed on my side of the invisible net, and said the friends I was with was a negative influence. I learned that I need to be more responsible with my actions, like calling before I decide to go out and make plans ahead of time. Also instead of raising my tone of voice I should speak more calmly and remain more assertive. Entry 2: Friday afternoon February 11th I was t... ...y problems. So once my sister returned I said thanks for the offer for dinner but I’m going to go ahead and leave. I kissed her and the baby and told them I loved them and I left. I feel that I dealt with the situation correctly because he is the type of person that no one can get along with. This engagement relates to material covered in class because aggressive behavior is behavior expressing personal feelings in an inappropriate way where another person feels violated. He did not convey his feelings to me because he did it in a way that I wasn’t willing to listen to him and his opinion didn’t make any sense at all. I became aggressive when he told me how and what I should do to make my situation better when the advice he was telling me didn’t sound very appealing and I didn’t agree with it. He became aggressive when he realized that I wasn’t listening to any of the information he was telling me. From this situation I have learned that everyone has a different opinion and each person has a different way of expressing their opinion. Its how their opinion is interpreted by the receiver. I feel that I might need to be more open but I don’t agree with certain things he had to say.

Genetic Diversity

Mutations are various forms of changes in ones DNA’s structure or makeup. This abnormality can happen for various reasons such as chemical misuse, harmful viruses or environment factors. When a mutation occurs in ones genetic structure, there is often a push to find out what went wrong and if it was a onetime occurrence or a genetic abnormality that no one in the family knew about until the recent discovery. This genetic abnormality occurs when there is a dominant gene which comes from a parent.This dominant gene attaches itself to a recessive gene and sparks a change in the genetic sequence of the offspring. This is most relevant as I was observing my nephew last weekend. My brother is â€Å"dark skinned†, tall and slim. My sister-in law is of French decent and full bodied while looking at my nephew, I ascertained that he is heading towards his mother’s side of the family he has the â€Å"fair skin, â€Å"finer grain of hair†, and the full body of his mo ther, thus his physical appearance is a mixture of both his mother’s and father’s genes along with a mutation of their DNA.Sexual Reproduction ensures life will continue no matter what happens. As genes are exchanged between two potential parents, the resulting offspring ends up with a combination of genes from both parents which then in turn gives them their own genetic makeup. This can lead to an expansion in various parts of the world where there is a diverse genetic makeup of people. This is due to various factors such as economics, upward mobility and educational opportunities.When this occurs new communities develop, form and branch out spawning a growth in population and migration. As the various traits from one’s genetic makeup mixes with others of another makeup, this helps to further expand the world’s unique makeup among its various populations and cultures. As these factors come into play over and over again, this helps to ensure the possibili ty of cloning one’s self or someone else will never happen.This also ensures the population will continue to grow change and the diversity of it all helps to make the world we live in today all the more unique and complicated. As I reflect on my nephew’s own unique genetic makeup, I can’t help but wonder what his future will hold in regards to his own children, where he will migrate to and what he will contribute to leave his mark on the world. One can only hope that the traits and genes he has inherited from his mother and father will help him to reach his full potential.

Howard County High School Students Have Their Say Essay

Lunch menus in public schools have changed significantly over the past several years. There is an increased national concern about the alarming number of school age children who suffer from obesity. Federal and state requirements have been difficult to achieve due to the complexity in satisfying the palette as well as public health concerns. Howard County, Maryland has joined with other areas to find a compromise between public policies and student satisfaction. John-John Williams, IV in his article, â€Å"Having a Say on What They Eat,† examines the efforts of the Howard County Public Schools in Ellicott City, Maryland. In response to a 2006 â€Å"wellness† policy, high school administrators were required to reduce the amount of high fat foods offered to students. Items such as french fries or anything resembling fast foods were excluded as suitable choices. In response, students protested with their pocketbooks by refusing to purchase certain cafeteria items. Howard County high schools lost thousands of dollars in much needed revenue and were forced to include student-consumers in the decision making process. Students enrolled in the Culinary Arts Program are making their voices heard at Oakland Mills, a high school in Howard County. The young male and female chefs hope to create dishes suitable for next fall’s menu. Students enrolled in the cooking class, much like many restaurant owners and professional chefs, are faced with the challenges of providing foods that meet national nutritional guidelines and at the same time manage cost and taste appeal. Students participating in the taste-test were required to prepare dishes that would meet the national guidelines of 750 total calories (110 of which could derive from fat), and150 grams of sodium at the cost of $1. 22. On April1, just a few days away, judges will select recipes from twelve high schools in five counties including Howard. One of the major problems for high school administrators has been student awareness regarding food preparation and nutrition. They explain the students’ culinary wisdom in terms of cable food networks and celebrity chefs. High school students’ tastes in foods have clashed with administrative obligations yet culinary program participants have found a productive means of influencing systemic and institutional change. There are a variety of sociological issues imbedded in the Howard County challenge. The context of the struggle is the public high school, a social and political institutional space that operates under certain federal guidelines and state budgets. The question of community and culture is a dominant theme as Howard County explores how best to address the concerns of multiple and diverse constituents. While the primary goal is to meet public health and nutritional guidelines, the underlying impediments to meeting these objectives have been both economic and cultural. In order for Howard County to be in compliance they must not only answer the question of health but must also find a way to establish a form of nutritional wellness that is both affordable and acceptable to students. For example, Erika Henderson, a senior from Oakland Mills High enrolled in the Culinary Arts class, stated that the food was distasteful because it was â€Å"cheap food with no seasoning† (Williams, IV 10). As a result, Erika decided to bring her lunch each day. Erika’s choice to pass on the cafeteria foods raises issues about class. Students from lower incomes may not have items to bring from home and, in many instances, rely on the cafeteria cuisine. At the same time, Erika appears to have been quite comfortable with preparing her own food. She had a particular notion about ingredients suggesting that the culture of her home allowed and encouraged food preparation and experimentation. In addition, the Culinary Arts Program created a subculture; a cohort of students who, perhaps, were more aware of the nuances of food preparation and trends than their peers. The culinary arts students were the most vocal in demanding that their recipes be taste-tested and, if successful, placed on the menu. Laurie Collins, Instructional Facilitator at Oakland Mills, insisted that â€Å"they will try something that [has been] prepared by their peers† (Williams, IV 10). With just days away from a decision, over seventeen-thousand students at Oakland may have a chance to have their way in terms of affordable, healthy, appetizing, and appealing choices for lunch whether it is the baked onion rings or apple slices. Realizing that it will be difficult to please everyone, all parties are optimistic about the fall menu. Howard County and the Oakland students have taken matters into their own hands by offering a realistic solution to what is a national and institutional problem. The students, through hard work and creativity, are cooking up their own taste of â€Å"wellness. † Works Cited Williams IV, John-John. â€Å"Having A Say On What They Eat: Howard Students Taste- Test, Prepare Own Candidate for Cafeteria Menu† The Baltimore Sun 22 March 2009: 1, 10.