Online E-Petition System Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Online E-Petition System - Literature review Example As such, in the midst of various possibilities of providing formal online participations platforms for citizens, e-petition systems have been considered as being official and fully operational online democracy activity for parliaments and governments, as well as for non-governmental institutions across the globe. The first of its kind was done in 2000 by the Scottish government; it was apparently the first online petition or e-petition system to be established anywhere in the world by an elected parliament (Susha and Gronlund, 2012; Medaglia, 2012). This was followed in 2002 by the Parliament of Queensland, which also designed and developed its own e-petition system. The Bundestag, German’s Federal Parliament also followed suit and has been, since 2005, operating an e-petition system that is more similar to the one established by the Scottish parliament. Not only parliaments followed this path, governments and other non-governmental institutions also followed this path; for in stance, the office of the British Prime Minister in 2006 launched an e-petition system dubbed the British Prime Minister’s e-petition system (Ralf Lindner and Ulrich Riehm, 2009; Beddie et al., 2001). In comparison to other forms of formal, codified, and institutionalized online political participation, which are albeit less advanced, e-petitions which have a quite impressive uptake by a number of public institutions still remains more an experimental concept; limited to very specific purposes (Taylor-Smith and Buckner, 2009). For instance, online voting, a form of online participation in referenda and general elections has been introduced in various jurisdictions across the globe; however, most governments eventually have refrained from these online political participation systems because of unresolved legal, technical, and political challenges (Kriplean et al., 2009; BÃ ¶hle and Ulrich Riehm, 2013). In the US, as well as in many jurisdictions throughout

455 Week 7 D-6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

455 Week 7 D-6 - Essay Example In hospice care a patient suffering from a chronic disease in such a state that providing them with treatment that is curative in nature is of no use. Due to this the hospice care providers focus on providing support that ill person as well as their friends and family members while trying to help the patient attain relief from symptoms such as pain and fatigue caused due to the disease they are experiencing. The goals of treatment in both form of treatments is even quite different. In case of palliative care the goal is to help patients cure the disease they are suffering and in case of hospice care the goal is to provide comfort as cure is no longer attainable. The timing at which these form of care are provided are even quite different. In case of timing for the treatment of palliative care the treatment can occur anytime while the chronic disease that a patient is suffering is in its development stages. In case of hospice care the timing of this type of treatment depends on when t he physician acknowledges and certifies that the patient may not be able to survive more than six months (Meier, 2010). Hui, D., Mori, M., Parsons, H., Kim, S., Li, Z., Damani, S., & Bruera, E. (2012). The Lack of Standard Definitions in the Supportive and Palliative Oncology Literature. Journal Of Pain And Symptom Management, 43(3), 582-592.

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay Maraming Pilipino ay nananatiling †walang pakialam, walang interes, at walang komitment. † May pagkamanhid na nagaganap kaugnay ng mga usapin sa moralidad kaya madalas inuunawa na lamang yaong mga bagay na di dapat palagpasin;ang kasamaan ay hindi nasusugpo dahil lubhang abala ang mga tao sa pagkayod ng ikabubuhay. Kung gusto nating tayo’y umunlad, hindi ito dapat magpatuloy. Express your agreement or disagreement to the statement above. Give concrete examples. In what ways have colonial education developed this apathy or lack of interest? In what ways can the present system of education help solve this problem. To a certain extent, I agree and disagree with the statement, I do not wish to appear not  to have a stand on this so allow me to explain: If I were to be realistic, I would have to admit that the statement is true. An example is an ordinary teacher working in a public school who handles three subjects and an advisory class with 30-50 students per class. She has a family of her own with 2-3 children and a husband who is a government employee. She rents a house with a fee of 5 thousand a month, exclusive of utilities. All children are in school. Monthly expenses on food, transportation, school fees etc. exceed her and her husband’s salaries combined. To augment their monthly earnings both husband and wife take on additional jobs, the teacher has private tutorials after school and the husband drives for a family on the weekends and holidays. No one can question her integrity as a teacher; she does her work well and with sincerity. But with the bulk of her responsibilities not only with her own family but with her students, do you think she has the time to debate on issues such as corruption in government? An issue that she was born in and with already. An issue that she has no immediate solution for. An issue that continues even after the post has â€Å"changed hands†. That no matter who sits in government, same problem on corruption occurs but on different levels, depth and facets. For this ordinary teacher, she would rather focus her time on the daily problems she encounters and can provide immediate solutions for – like her students failing grades or, frequent absences. Or misunderstandings with a colleagues, or school projects of her kids. Can we fault her for simply focusing on solutions she has control over? Does that make her insensitive, numb, does not care or uninterested with the issues around her? Will her joining street rallies, taking a day off her from her responsibilities and a day’s pay from her salary, to denounce the government that seemingly disregards her problems address the corruption issue and solve it within the day she can afford to spare? I do not believe so. She does what she can, at times that she can. This attitude is  not  even colonial. It’s an innate Filipino and human value that we all take on when necessary. And the teacher’s attitude of providing solutions at her level no matter how mundane helps the community. Small things like inculcating honest values, and upgrading human respect for others to students under her care would make a difference, so when they grow up and they take on the leadership of the country, she hopes they would be a different brand of leaders. She is but one teacher, but even a small pebble when thrown creates a ripple in any body of water.

Death of Marat Essay Example for Free

Death of Marat Essay I love the story of a conversation that took place at an English country house during a dinner party, where the host had just started up the discussion of death and asked the various guests what will happen to them after they die. Some thought about reincarnation and others though about different plains of being, and others thought that they were going to be annihilated. All of the guests had answered the question except for sir Roderick, who was a military type, a very devout man to the church of England where he was also the church warden, chief of the vestry, in the local county of Parish. The lady said â€Å"sir Roderick you haven’t said a word, what do you think is going to happen to you when you die? † oh he said â€Å"I am certain that I will go to heaven and enjoy everlasting bliss, but I wish you wouldn’t indulge I such a depressing conversation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  The polarity of death; It is talked about with such anguish and fright yet portrayed through art as something that represents relief or enlightenment that all together are emotionally wrenching idea’s that have been both subject for artists and served as an incentive for artistic production throughout history, perhaps as much as, perhaps more than, any other subject since artists have dealt with death, dying, the threat of death, escape from death, thoughts of death, and preparation for death through the centuries. For me, death in neo-classicism was the obvious choice because it so strongly reflects the change that was going through Europe at the time, where plagues, revolution and war scattered the common wasteland. Through the age of enlightenment death began to play a different role amongst artists and scientists where the interest in mortality and old age, the decayed body and the anatomical structure layered in lifelessness took new forms. With death came the peeling back of layers, skin, muscles, organs – embalming and mummification, posing the question on whether there is an immaterial soul or whether the body is only a complicated organ capable of immense things. This is something I felt is strongly expressed in the painting that I have chosen. The Death of Marat, painted by Jacques-Louis David in 1793 is a story that relates to the French Revolution, in which a radical journalist, Marat, is murdered in his bath by Charlotte Corday, who believed that his death would end the violence throughout the country. It has been described by T. J. Clark as the first modernist painting, for the way it took the stuff of politics as its material, and did not transmute it(1). However I believe that the painting also allows a portrayal of a philosophical confrontation on the subject of death. Through this essay I will argue how the painting demonstrates the struggle between the polarizations of death through a neo-classicistic point of view. Analysis The painting Death of Marat depicts the death of a murdered radical journalist during the French revolution. Charlotte Corday, the murderer, was a Girondin(2) from a minor aristocratic family and a political enemy of Marat who blamed him for the September Massacre. She gained entrance to Marats rooms with a note promising details of a counter-revolutionary ring in Caen. Marat suffered from a skin condition that caused him to work from his bath. Corday stabbed Marat, who died. She did not attempt to flee, and was later trailed and executed. While the painting is done in a realistic style, it has elements of being idealized, so that Marats death is almost graceful. His head is resting peacefully on the edge of the tub, and despite being stabbed in the chest he is still holding a quill in his right hand with which he was writing a letter, which he still holds in his left hand. This along with the dramatic lighting and overall calmness of the scene betrays the actually brutality of the stabbing. In fact, its a very peaceful painting. You could almost be forgiven for not thinking him dead. The Death of Marat is designed to commemorate a personable hero. David intended to record more than just the horror of martyrdom. In this sense, for realistic as it is in its details, the painting, as a whole, from its start, is a methodical construction focusing on the victim, a striking set up regarded today by several critics as an awful beautiful lie. (3)† To fully understand this artwork there are essentially two aspects to consider: first the style used by David, i. e. Neo-classicism, and secondly the artist’s purpose, i. e. turning Marat into a hero of high moral virtues according to the classical tradition. Neoclassicism as the name says was essentially a rediscovery of classical art from the Greek and Roman time. This style prescribed rigorous contours, sculptured forms, and polished surfaces and was based on ideals of harmony and austerity. By applying such technique, death is glorified and allows further depth for the beholder, which makes the message of the decisive clash of life and death stronger. Marat is dying: his eyelids droop, his head weighs heavily on his shoulder, his right arm slides to the ground. His body, as painted by David, is that of a healthy man, still young. The scene inevitably calls to mind a rendering of the Descent from the Cross. (4) The face is marked by suffering, but is also gentle and suffused by a growing peacefulness as the fangs of death loosen their grip. The significance of this is the inference that Marat sacrificed himself for the good of the people, just as Christ is said to have done. Other religious elements are also prominent, the halo like turban around Marat’s head, and the heavenly light shining upon Marat’s angelic face. The portrayal of Marat in this way contrasts with other accounts describing him. Marat up until the moments before his death was a violent man who totally supported the executions of all those who opposed the government. Marat was once known to have said, â€Å"In order to ensure public tranquility 200,000 heads must be cut off. †(5) It was David’s aim to â€Å"construct images of a secular saint. † David believed that Art must have a social mission (appeal to the beholders moral sense instead of merely giving him pleasure). Art must contribute forcefully to the education of the public. However in a time when violence was so prevalent â€Å"actuality† was replaced by inaccurate images resulting in historical misrepresentations. This was partly due to the fear people experienced, due to sympathies people held. David supported the Jacobins and so this representation is biased, giving only the Jacobins perspective, not at all representing the views of Corday or the Girondins who particularly hated Marat. All reflections in history are biased documents, but that’s another discussion. My interest with the Death of Marat lies within two philosophical notions, dualism and physicalism, Most religious views have a belief in the afterlife and the continuation of living in some other form after life has been completed. For Christians death leads to heaven, or hell to nonbelievers. For Buddhists death restarts the life cycle in reincarnation, the person becoming another living entity in another shape. Death in this piece of art has the power to confront the viewer with their own mortality, their own livingness, in ways that surpass normal emotions. In most modern countries, death is something that is hidden away from people, separated into cemeteries and funerals. Most would agree that death is an inherently bad thing, that living surpasses death in possible everyway. Death in culture has such wide ranging importance between nations and societies that one simple analysis does little justify the range of connotations. Conclusion The theme of death in art has been around for centuries. Death and the last living hours are present in the passion of the Christ, a subject matter that has been present strongly through art’s history. The dramatic use of neo-classicistic art techniques allowed David to capture not just a painting but also a symbolic gesture that death represents. By taking the fundamental pillars of neoclassicism and romanticizing them he was able to gain entrance to a certain presence. If theres ever a picture that would make you want to die for a cause, it is Death of Marat. But thats to separate it from the appalling moment of its creation, the French Revolution. For David, Marat wasn’t a monster, he was a saint. This was martyrdom, and part of David’s manifesto of the revolutionary virtue. When analyzing representations from the past we must recognize motivating factors behind representations. Subsequently we must question representations of the past, such as Davids â€Å"The Death of Marat† and the validity of opposing views. However death is far from being a radically new idea, it contains a wide range of philosophical concepts, depending and varying on cultural differences. The belief that human beings survive death in some form has profoundly influenced the thoughts, emotions, arts, scripts and actions of mankind. The belief occurs in all religions, past and present, and decisively condition the evaluations of man and his place in the universe.

Shortage of working capital its effect on Business

Shortage of working capital its effect on Business Working capital is defined as the operating liquidity available to a business, organisation or any other business entity. It is also part of a companys operating capital. A business is said to be liquidated when its current asset are more than its current liabilities, but it would have a working capital deficiency when its current liabilities are more less the current assets. Calculation: Net Working Capital = Current assets Current liabilities. To ensure that the a firm is able to continue its operation and that there is sufficient cash flow to satisfy both maturing short-term debt and upcoming operational expenses, working capital should be well managed. Working Capital Management This is a strategy of maintaining  proficient  levels of both aspects of working capital, current assets and current liabilities, in deference to one another. Working capital management guarantees that a company has adequate cash flow in order to meet its short-term debt duty and operating expenses.   Liquidity Cycle Managing working capital is all about ensuring that cash available for business (day-to-day) use is sufficient to meet cash requirements at any given time. This means having enough liquidity. The management of working capital is a continuous process, such that when a business takes off production, it takes time to generate income. Money to pay for stock and other running costs will need to be found from the initial capital invested in the business. As the business cycle continues, income from customers will be available to offset expenditure. Sufficient funds are needed to pay for additional expenditure until the revenue revives. This continuous process is known as Liquidity Cycle. Credit Sales Customers (Debtors) Pay up Capital injected into a big firm Purchase of Materials Produced goods Purposes of working capital management To ensure that a business firm has enough finance to meet short-term financial needs To keep cash moving rapidly through the cycle, so that there is enough funds to make future orders Effects of shortage of working capital Insufficient working capital is the commonest cause of business failure and liquidity. Many liquidity problems are a result of the firm not setting aside sufficient more for working capital (resulting to a hand-to-mouth) suppliers A firm with too little working capital will struggle to pay its bills on time because it has no spare cash and hence resort to delaying payments which also affects suppliers. It may need to borrow more money to pay supplier at high interest charge. Bank High additional cost of interest charges from banks are mostly associated to borrowed funds. However, loan providers also find out and want to be sure or assured that their borrowers are efficiently managing their working capital problems before loans are granted Missed opportunities A firm with shortage of working capital will miss many profit generating opportunities ranging from inability to exploit profitable investment opportunities to inability to buy supplies in bulk. Restricted present and future development or growth Working capital shortage will hinder the present and future growth and expansion of a business and will make a firm unable to complete with its dominant competitors in a competitive business environment Causes of working capital shortage There are two places where the cause of the shortages of working capital could be identified, and these are the Internal and external. These areas are addressed as follows: Internal causes Production delays and interruption that do not make the finished good reach end users Industrial strikes Marketing problems which are provoked by low demand of a product and longer credit terms aimed at shifting unsold stocks Managerial problems due to poor stock management or production management that can result to additional costs. External Causes Changes to economic climate such as inflation, taxation, interest rate, recession Demand decrease (fall) caused by changes in taste, fashion etc Unexpected non-payment by customers resulting to bad debt. Working capital control measures To maintain a good liquidity ratio, a firm should effectively/efficiently manage the elements of its working capital such as; debtors, cash, stocks, creditors etc. The following are measures taken to manage a firms working capital and also to avoid insufficient or shortage in the capital: TRADE DEBTORS MANAGEMENT Establish a credit policy in relation to normal credit periods and overall credit control Establish a policy on individual credit (oblique) limit. Debt collection management such as; Prompt Invoicing Offer discount to clients who pay on time Issue monthly statement to debtors(as reminder) Institute an effective debt collection and control system Collect overdue debt TRADE CREDITORS MANAGEMENT Increase the range of goods and services bought on credit i.e. have a good credit rating Dont over extend the period of time taken to pay debt Collecting payments efficiently by increasing the portion of cash customers STOCK MANAGEMENT Ensure an efficient production process Minimising stock levels of work in progress Ensure goods are delivered promptly Minimising stocks of finished Minimising stock losses Efficient inventory control CASH MANAGEMENT Use of cash-flow forecast Plan for moments where there will be too little cash to avoid liquidity crisis Cash planning and budgeting Cash flow management Accelerate fund movement among banks

Security Versus Privacy Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive essays

Security Versus Privacy As a result of 9/11, our country has been faced with a new issue: electronic privacy. The terrorists that attacked us used our own technology against us to protect their activities from our view. Because of this, we are now forced to make a decision between two desirable things: privacy and national security. On the one hand, our right to privacy will ensure that our personal rights are not violated, whereas, on the other hand, national security would allow us some comfort against the evil in the world. What are we supposed to do? This issue, however it is decided, will have tremendous impact on each and every one of our lives. The ruling that the government makes concerning this issue will greatly alter the course of our nation and our lives. Our world can either offer complete privacy, which will protect even the criminals from sight, or it will be a closely monitored space that almost completely eliminates our rights as a free person. Now, it is very unlikely, however, that the wo rld will reach one of these two extremes. A quote from The Economist says it well. 'Amidst all this sound and fury, both sides need to consider the fundamental question: in light of the attack, where must the balancing point between security and liberty be set' (The Economist). It does not seem possible to stray to either extreme. Instead, these two issues are dependent on each other. Therefore, our country must seek to find a balance between the two extremes. The government will, however, end up favoring one idea over the other, and that is the crucial part. Their decision will forever change the way people use technology, for personal, business, and other uses. There are currently a few main solutions pertaining to th... .... Bill of Rights. n.d. Cornell Law School. 30 March 2002. Brown, Jason. Personal interview (MOO Lecture). 4 April 2002. Economist. 29 September 2001. 27 February 2002 Electronic Frontier Foundation. n.d. 29 March 2002 Grier, Peter. ?Fragile Freedoms.? Christian Science Monitor 13 December 2001. 29 March 2001 Knouse, Lois E. Personal interview. 11 April 2002. Leahy, Patrick. Statement Of Senator Patrick Leahy. 25 October 2001. U.S. Senate. 27 February 2002 McCullagh, Declan. ?Congress Mulls Stiff Crypto Laws.? Wired Magazine 13 September 2001. 29 March 2002

Comparing The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and A&P :: comparison compare contrast essays

Huck Finn and A+P Â   In the novel Huckleberry Finn, Huck goes through many adventures on the Mississippi River. He escapes from Pap and sails down a ways with an escaped slave named Jim. Huck goes through a moral conflict of how wrong it is to be helping Jim escape to freedom. Eventually Huck decides he will go against what society thinks and help Jim by stealing him from a farmer with the help of Tom Sawyer, a friend. In A+P the young man, Sammy, is confronted with an issue when he sees his manager expel some girls from the store he worked in simply because of their defiance to its dress code. In his rebellion against the owner, the boy decides to quit his job and make a scene to defend the rights he feels are being violated. In these stories, both the boys are considered superior to the authority that they are defying because of the courage that it took for Huck to free Jim, and for Sammy to quit his job for the girls because it was what they believed in. Â   Why would anyone in his or her right mind even think about freeing a slave? Everyone in the society was telling Huck that slaves were no more than ones property, but Huck began to question this belief when he got to know the property for who it really was. During the story there are many times when Huck feels an obligation to turn Jim in to the authorities and just get on with his life, but his conscience kept telling him that this man is a real person. Near the end of the story, Jim was stuck in a holding cell, since he had run away. After much consideration of the situation, Huck decides that he wants to free Jim because he believes that he shouldn't be treated that way. Even though the entire town believes that Jim should be contained and treated like property, Huck still sticks to his morals and goes along with the plan that could get him in trouble or even killed. At the end of the story we find out that Jim had always been free, and we now find Huck's actions to be heroic and noble.